Autism & Asperger’s Syndrome

Many treatments (or combinations of treatments) are used to manage Autism or Asperger's Syndrome and address a variety of conditions including social skills deficits, repetitive behaviors, and speech and gestures problems.
Autism and Aspergers Syndrome
It is important to note that because autism is a spectrum disorder, each individual has a unique set of strengths and weaknesses.

What is Autism?

Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a variety of conditions that involve social skills deficits, repetitive behaviors, and speech and gestures problems. More specifically, autism is a developmental disability that affects the way a person communicates with and relates to other people.

It is important to understand that autistic individuals typically experience developmental delays – i.e. motor development, speech, and/or coordination. More specifically, those with this disorder tend to be clumsier, more uncoordinated in movement, and more compulsive, than those without it.

What is a Spectrum Disorder?

A spectrum disorder refers to the level of functioning an individual has. In other words, if you have this disorder, you are either extremely high-functioning and can care for yourself or low-functioning, and will need constant care for the rest of your life.

When a high level of care is needed, parents often become overwhelmed. In this case, they are unable to fully care for their loved ones without aid.  In the most severe cases, the autistic person may need direct supervision from a home health aide and a highly trained developmental pediatrician, pediatric neurologist, clinical child psychologist/psychiatrist, audiologist (a hearing specialist), physical therapist, and/or speech therapist.

** It is important to note that because autism is a spectrum disorder, each individual has a unique set of strengths and weaknesses.

How Many Children Have an Autism Spectrum Disorder?

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 1 in 59 children suffer from autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition, autism appears to be present in all racial, ethnic, and economic groups. Lastly, autism is 4x more common in males than in females.

What are the Possible Causes of Autism?

Autism involves many different subtypes, so the exact cause varies depending on the individual. However, a combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to play a role in its development.

When Do Autism Symptoms Typically Arise?

Autism symptoms typically arise by the age of 2, however, they can present before (18 months) or after this age, as well. It is important to note that it can be hard to diagnose autism at earlier ages. For instance, early autism symptoms may be mistaken for other conditions like normal personality characteristics or developmental delays.

How is Autism Treated?

It’s important to understand that there is currently no cure for autism. However, a variety of treatment approaches may help improve an autistic individual’s social skills and learning, along with his/her quality of life. The truth is, however, some individuals may need little-to-no treatment, while others, with more severe cases, may need lifelong intensive therapy and care.

Listed below are treatments that are commonly used to treat autism:

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
One of the most common autism treatment approaches (for children and adults) is applied behavior analysis (ABA). This therapy approach uses a reward system to encourage positive behaviors.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Another approach commonly used to treat autism is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This approach is referred to as “talk therapy,” which means that sessions are geared toward helping autistic individuals connect feelings, thoughts, and behaviors together. The goal of this therapy is to help these individuals recognize negative thoughts and feelings that are possibly triggering unhealthy and destructive behaviors.

A 2010 study on autism and cognitive-behavioral therapy found that CBT may indeed help autistic individuals better manage their conditions by lowering their stress levels. Results also suggested that CBT may help autistic individuals identify other people’s emotions, so they can interact with them better.

Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy (OT) is also used to treat those with autism. This approach focuses on teaching autistic children and adults the skills they need to properly function in everyday life. An occupational therapist may be able to strengthen a child’s or adult’s fine motor skills, handwriting skills, and hygiene/self-care abilities. This specialist may also be able to teach adults independent living skills – i.e. paying bills, cooking, working, grocery shopping, cleaning, and setting a budget.

Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT)
For those with sensory issues (sight, sound, and/or smell), sensory integration therapy (SIT) is often recommended. A sensory integration therapist tries to “even out” or limit “distractions,” so the individual is able to learn healthy skills and behaviors. Some of the methods/techniques used during these therapy sessions include drawing in the sand, jumping rope, and/or meditating.

Speech Therapy
People with autism often have speech problems. As a result, speech therapy is often recommended. Speech therapists help autistic people speak more clearly by teaching them better verbal skills. This type of therapy is usually performed by an occupational therapist or speech-language pathologist.

The goal of this therapy is to help adults, and especially children, improve their speech (rate and rhythm) and use words in the proper way. It is also used to help both children and adults with speech issues better verbalize their thoughts, opinions, beliefs, and feelings.

Social Skills Training
Social skills training (SST) is a way for those with autism, especially children, to develop the skills needed to properly interact with others. For some, socializing can be very challenging, thus, limiting their ability to make and retain friends and have romantic relationships. So, social skills trainers teach those with autism how to start and continue conversations, recognize humor, and read emotional cues or non-verbal gestures.

Note: This training is usually recommended for children, however, it has also proven to be effective for teens and young adults.

Medications
Another treatment sometimes used for autism is medication. The truth is there are currently no medications specifically designed to treat autism. But, there are a variety of medications that may reduce certain autism symptoms.

Medications used to help manage autism include:

  • Antipsychotics
  • Anti-anxiety meds
  • Antidepressants
  • Stimulants
  • Anticonvulsants

Alternative Treatments
Although not as popular as more traditional autism treatments, alternative treatments may be beneficial for some autistic individuals, when used in conjunction with their prescribed treatment plans. It is important to understand, however, that studies supporting these treatments are severely limited at this time.

The few studies that have been conducted on autism and alternative treatments remain inconclusive when it comes to their effectiveness. More so, a couple of studies have found that alternative treatments sometimes used for autism like chelation therapy (the removal of metals from the body) may actually do more harm than good.

Note: Consult your physician before substituting or adding alternative treatments to an autism maintenance regimen.

Alternative treatments sometimes used to manage autism symptoms include:  

  • Specialized Diets – i.e. Gluten-Free and/or Casein-Free
  • Weighted Blankets
  • Melatonin Supplements
  • Vitamin C
  • Omega-3
  • Dimethylglycine
  • Vitamin B6 with Magnesium
  • Oxytocin
  • CBD oil

What Autism Treatments Are Gaining Popularity?

In recent years, other non-biological treatments, such as the picture exchange communication system (PECS), the TEACH method, and the responsive teaching (RT) method, have become viable options for treating autism.    

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) can help people with autism, who have little-to-no ability to verbally communicate, express their wants, needs, thoughts, feelings, and opinions through pictures. With PECS, people with autism can approach others, and show them pictures of what they want or need. They can also alert others to how they feel or what they believe without using verbal communication. For example, a child with autism can use PECS to ask for something or convey a thought or message by pointing to symbols, words, images, or graphics on a picture card. One of the main benefits of PECS is that it can be used at home or in a classroom.

The TEACH Method 

The TEACH Method is another autism treatment that has increased in popularity in the last few years. The TEACH method was developed, in the 1960s, by Dr. Eric Schopler and Dr. Robert Reichler, professors at the University of North Carolina as a treatment for pediatric autism. The TEACH method offers, “structured teaching,” or “regulated” approach to visual learning. The TEACH method can be extremely beneficial for people with autism because it acknowledges the traits, behaviors, and challenges that some people, especially children, struggle with on a daily basis, making it easier for doctors to customize treatments for these individuals. 

This is accomplished by making accommodations for people with autism, such as altering the environment, and providing alternate forms of communication, so they can express themselves. Another benefit of the TEACH method is that it can be used alone or combined with other treatments, like CBT, SIT, ABA therapy, medications, self-help tools, etc.  

Responsive Teaching 

An autistic child’s environment plays a crucial role in his or her development. Thus, this space should be warm and inviting. Parents and teachers are considered “responsive adults,” and as such, they play an essential role in the learning environment. Responsive teaching, also sometimes referred to relationship-focused therapy, involves teaching parents how to support their autistic children in healthy ways. This environment should include the autistic child’s home, public spaces, daycares, classrooms, and other areas that he or she frequents regularly.  

Responsive teaching should also include daily or classroom schedules and learning materials in these environments. The autism treatment approach is designed for children under the age of 7, however, it is sometimes used to treat children over this age. In 2007, responsive treatment arose as a treatment for young children with autism, especially those with developmental delays. The goal of responsive teaching is to help parents become more aware of and responsive to their autistic children’s thought processes, communication(s), and social and emotional skills when interacting with them.

Thus, responsive learning environments should be modified to address and accommodate an autistic child’s developmental levels, interests, skills, communication mode(s), and needs. Ultimately, researchers suggest that a learning environment can encourage healthy relationships and positive behaviors in autistic children. Studies have also found that responsive teaching has positive effects on child learning and development, however, further research is needed to definitely determine the overall effects of this treatment for autism. 

Pivotal Response Training (PRT)  

Pivotal response training (PRT), a holistic intervention model, was created by Dr. Robert Koegel and Dr. Lynn Koegel, to employ a more holistic or “natural” approach to applied behavioral analysis (ABA). PRT is an interesting autism treatment because it is not only “child-led,” but also rewards positive behaviors with clear and natural stimuli.  

According to the Koegel Autism Center at the Gevirtz School, PRT should be a “go-to” treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), primarily because it targets important child developmental areas that are known to support a child’s ability to develop a variety of aptitudes or skills. Thus, the main goal of PRT is to focus on pivotal (important) areas of a child’s development, such as motivation, his or her reactivity to cues, self-control, and social interactions. Ultimately, the general consensus is that these areas can aid a child in a variety of emotional, behavioral, and social areas and that the skills learned in these areas may accompany him or her throughout life. 

What is Asperger’s Syndrome?

Asperger’s Syndrome is characterized as a “high-functioning” subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). What does that mean? Well, it means that Asperger’s symptoms tend to be “less severe” than in other types of spectrum disorders. People who have Asperger’s syndrome usually measure at the “higher end” of the spectrum, when it comes to being able to function on a daily basis and live independently.

In addition, these individuals usually don’t have as many speech and motor skill problems as those with autism. Moreover, they tend to have at least an average intelligence, with many being above average. These children often show interests in complicated patterns, images, and activities.

Understand that it is important for children with Asperger’s to be taught how to analyze and interpret visual and auditory information at the same time in order to accurately interpret other people’s non-verbal gestures (body language), so they can learn how to appropriately react to other people’s cues. 

How Many People Have Asperger’s Syndrome?

Because Asperger’s syndrome falls under autism, its statistics are linked to autism statistics. Therefore, it is estimated that approximately 1 in 59 children have Asperger’s syndrome. In addition, the CDC estimates that approximately 3.5 million Americans have Asperger’s syndrome. And, according to Dr. Tony Attwood, a British psychologist, and Asperger’s syndrome specialist, approximately 50% of people with Asperger’s syndrome are undiagnosed. Why is that? Well, partly because Asperger’s syndrome traits are not as publicized and studied, as autism’s.

When Do Asperger’s Syndrome Symptoms Typically Arise?

Like autism, Asperger’s syndrome symptoms typically arise by the age of 2, however, they can present before (18 months) or after this age, as well. It is important to note that it can be hard to diagnose Asperger’s syndrome at earlier ages.

What are the Possible Causes of Asperger’s Syndrome?

Similar to autism, Asperger’s syndrome the exact cause varies depending on the individual. However, a combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to play a role in its development.

What are Common Asperger’s Syndrome Symptoms?

The following behaviors are often associated with Asperger’s syndrome:

  • Robotic or choppy speech patterns
  • Inappropriate social exchanges or interactions
  • Challenges understanding facial expressions and/or gestures
  • Sociopathic behaviors
  • An inability to understand or express complicated emotional behaviors
  • Poor eye contact
  • An inability to pay attention for a prolonged time
  • Obsessive about certain topics
  • Awkward movements
  • Not knowing what to say or how to respond when someone talks to him/her

How Long Does It Typically Take to Diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome?

It normally takes between 5 and 6 years to officially diagnosis a person with Asperger’s syndrome.

What Techniques are Commonly Used to Treat Asperger’s Syndrome?

Although Asperger’s syndrome is treated in a similar manner as autism, there are some treatment additions that may be beneficial for those, who suffer from this condition.

Note: ABA training, relationship development intervention (RDI)m and sensory therapy can also be used to treat those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because Asperger’s syndrome is a form of autism.

Treatments Commonly Used to Manage Asperger’s Syndrome Symptoms:

ABA Training
The most common treatment approach for Asperger’s syndrome is applied behavior analysis (ABA) training. In fact, 46 states require health insurers to cover ABA training for autism and Asperger’s syndrome.

ABA is based on the idea that people are more likely to repeat behaviors that are rewarded or perceived as a reward. On the flip side, ABA trainers believe that behaviors that receive no acknowledgment or reward are more prone to present little-to-no response.

The main benefit of ABA is that it may help autistic children (and adults) develop basic life skills and decrease the likelihood of negative behaviors like slapping, head banging, throwing, kicking, and screaming.

Relationship Development Intervention (RDI)
Another treatment commonly used to treat Asperger’s syndrome is relationship development intervention (RDI). Keep in mind that RDI training is relatively new in the field of autism and Asperger’s syndrome treatments.

The goal of this treatment is to teach children how to engage in healthy conversations and have positive social interactions with other people – behaviors that people with autism and Asperger’s syndrome have a hard time doing.

Another benefit of RDI training is that it teaches parents how to use opportunities — both good and bad — as “teachable moments.” These moments are then turned into engagement activities between parents and their children, while the children learn more appropriate social skills.

Sensory Therapy
Lastly, some doctors refer patients with Asperger’s syndrome to a sensory therapist. Sensory therapy is designed to help a child regulate his/her response to external stimuli (i.e. being in large crowds, hearing a car backfire, listening to fireworks, being in a crowded restaurant or classroom, feeling the water on his/her skin as he/she bathes, being hugged and kissed by loved ones, etc.). The purpose of this therapy is to help children (and adults) adapt to or become more accustomed to real-world stimuli.

Massage Therapy 

An alternative treatment that has skyrocketed in popularity in the last few years is massage therapy. This therapy is designed to help ease stress and anxiety levels, emotional states commonly felt by people with Asperger’s syndrome. Massage therapy can also improve sensory issues. In fact, one review found that massages can provide some Asperger’s symptoms, like stress, anxiety, and sensory issues. Many people, who struggle with Asperger’s syndrome, attest to the benefits of massage therapy, however, there is little-to-no scientific evidence to back this theory up on a larger scale. Understand that some people with Asperger’s do not like to be touched, so this type of therapy would not be suitable for these individuals.   

Should I Hire a Therapist for Autism or Asperger’s Syndrome?

Yes – if you or your child suffers from autism or Asperger’s syndrome. Why? Because both conditions can put a heavy strain on romantic relationships, familial relationships, and friendships. It can also affect the self-esteem and self-confidence of a person with autism or Asperger’s syndrome.

That is why hiring a therapist can be beneficial. A therapist can help the child or adult change “abnormal” behaviors, while potentially moving him or her up the spectrum. Why is that important? Well, because one’s place on the spectrum determines how functionally he/she is in everyday life.

You want your child to be as high as possible on the spectrum, so he/she can become more independent. Keep in mind, however, that both autism and Asperger’s syndrome take a while to fully present, so having a specialist who can help you and your child better understand the condition, and guide you both through the treatment process is extremely important.  Find a therapist in the TherapyTribe directory that can help with autism and Asperger’s Syndrome.

What Should I Look for in Autism or Asperger’s Therapist?

As with any physical or mental health condition, it’s always important to find a highly trained doctor or specialist to treat autism or Asperger’s syndrome. It’s also important to remember that these are highly specialized medical conditions, so extensive knowledge and experience in this area are paramount and can make a huge difference during the treatment process.

Moreover, due to the complexity and time-consuming nature of the treatments, it’s necessary to find a doctor that will really listen to your loved one’s concerns, questions, and fears. The good news is that with proper treatment, those suffering from spectrum disorders can gain a sense of “normalcy.” In addition, many are able to go on to live independently.

Post-Pandemic Update

In 2019, the coronavirus (COVID-19) became a worldwide pandemic, essentially shutting down the world with unprecedented job loss, and mandated social distancing and lockdowns. The seclusion, fear, paranoia, and misinformation caused a tremendous amount of stress and anxiety for the general population, however, people on the autism spectrum fared much worse. COVID-19 disrupted everyone’s daily routines, but it was especially problematic for people with autism or Asperger’s syndrome. 

People, who struggle with ASD, already have a hard time adapting to changes in their normal rituals and routines, so when COVID hit and a lot of adaptive services and therapies came to a halt, many of these individuals felt confused, scared, anxious, and lost. And, while the social-distancing was deemed a “plus” for people with ASD, because many people with these conditions struggle in social situations, and have a hard time making eye contact, being touched (i.e. hugged), and socializing with peers. 

However, the lockdowns and lack of services appeared to hurt these individuals, and the hysteria, paranoia, misinformation, etc., only heightened their stress and anxiety, making their ASD behaviors more pronounced. COVID-related lockdowns also lead to restricted access to grocery stores, which was challenging for people with ADHD, who tend to be “picky eaters” and will only eat certain foods that were no longer available or available in scarce quantities at the time. This also caused extreme stress worsening ASD behaviors. 

Many adults with autism were deemed “non-existential” workers, which led to mass layoffs and high unemployment rates. This meant that many of these individuals lost their jobs and were forced to stay home with nothing to occupy their time. Being unable to follow their normal routines, caused many adults with ASD to experience extreme stress, angst, depression, and increased ASD behaviors. The same could be said for children with ASD that were forced to miss school. Being away from the people they were used to seeing was upsetting to people with ASD. 

Studies found that children with ASD misbehaved more when they were kept away from familiar people. To help ease the stress and anxiety that people with ASD felt because of the pandemic and restrictions, therapists and other mental and developmental health specialists, began ramping up their telehealth services. 

Researchers found that telehealth services that focused on movement were especially beneficial for children with ASD during the pandemic. Although this was not the same as face-to-face interactions, could disrupt daily routines and rituals, and could limit therapeutic exercises and activities, it was able to provide familiarity, comfort, and interactions, which benefited these individuals. 

Augmented reality (virtual reality) also helped people, especially children, with ASD during the pandemic. Augmented reality (AR) merges the digital world with the real world. More specifically, it links images, audio, and text (digital information) with the real world, through glasses, headphones, and other audio/visual devices. According to a 2020 study, AR helped people with autism and Asperger’s better understand the world around them by connecting the physical world with the digital one. 

AR helps people with ASD learn the meaning of facial expressions (facial emotions), and non-verbal cues. It also helps people on the spectrum practice their social skills, increase their vocabularies, encourage imaginative play, and improve motivation, learning, attention, focus, and fine motor skills. It can even teach people with ASD how to learn new tasks. During the pandemic, AR helped people with ASD feel connected to the rest of the world.  

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